Body Fluid One Shot
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BLOOD
Study of Blood — Haematology
Process of blood formation Haemopoiesis (in bone marrow).
* Colour — Red
* PH — 7.4 (Slightly alkaline)
* By weight — 7 to 8% of body weight
* By volume — 5 - 6 litres in male and 4 - 5 litres in female.
* Blood is a false CT because :-
a. Cells of blood have no power of division.
b. Fibres are completely absent in blood.
c. Matrix of blood is produced & synthesized by liver and lymphoid organs.
Composition of Blood
1. Liquid Part — Matrix — Plasma — 55%
Solid Part — Blood corpuscles — 45% (RBC, WBC & Platelets)
PLASMA
1. Matrix of blood is called Plasma.
2. It is pale yellow in colour due to urobillinogen. (Billirubin)
Composition of plasma
Water : 90% – 92%
Solid part : 8 – 10%
In which inorganic and organic compounds are present.
Organic Part of Plasma — 7 - 9%
1. Proteins
– 6 - 7% Maximum
(A) Albumin ® 4% (Max.)
– Produced & synthesized by liver.
– Smallest Plasma Protein.
– Responsible to maintain BCOP (28 - 32 mm Hg.)
(B) Globulin :- 2 - 2.5%.
– Ratio of albumin & globulin is 2 : 1.
1. Matrix of blood is called Plasma.
2. It is pale yellow in colour due to urobillinogen. (Billirubin)
Composition of plasma
Water : 90% – 92%
Solid part : 8 – 10%
In which inorganic and organic compounds are present.
Organic Part of Plasma — 7 - 9%
1. Proteins
– 6 - 7% Maximum
(A) Albumin ® 4% (Max.)
– Produced & synthesized by liver.
– Smallest Plasma Protein.
– Responsible to maintain BCOP (28 - 32 mm Hg.)
(B) Globulin :- 2 - 2.5%.
– Ratio of albumin & globulin is 2 : 1.
Produce and secreted by liver and lymphoid organs..
– Transport or carry substance in body.
– Destory bacteria virus & toxic substances.
– In blood 3 type of globulins are present.
[i] a–Globulin — Produced by liver .
Eg. Ceruloplasmin — Cu carrying protein.
[ii] b–Globulin — Produced by liver
Eg. Transferin — Fe carrying protein.
[iii] g–Globulin — Produced by lymphoid organs
– Present in the form of antibodies which destroy bacteria, virus & toxic substance. Also called
Immunoglobulins. These are of 5 types.
[A] Ig G (g Immuno)
[B] Ig A (a Immunoglobin)
[C] Ig M (m Immuno)
[D] Ig D (d Immuno)
[E] Ig E (e Immuno)
(C) Prothrombin - 0.3% Produced by liver
(D) Fibrinogen - 0.3% Produced by liver
– Largest plasma protein.
– Help in blood clotting
RBC
Erythrocytes (Red blood Corpuscles)
1. Mammalian RBC's are biconcave, circular & non nucleated.
2. At the time of origin nucleus is present in the RBC but it degenerates during maturation process.
3. Biconcave shape of RBC increases surface area.
4. Due to absence of nucleus & presence of biconcave shape more Haemoglobin can be filled in RBC.
Exception :- Camel & Lama are mammals with biconvex, oval shaped.
5. In RBC endoplasmic reticulum is absent so endoskeleton is composed of structural protein, fats and
cholesterol present in the form of network called stromatin which is a spongy cytoskeleton.
6. Plasma membrane of RBC is called Donnan's membrane. It is highly permeable to some ions like Cl–
& HCO3
– ions and impermeable to Na+ & K+ ions. It is called Donnan's phenomenon.
7. Due to presence of stromatin spongy cytoskeleton & flexible plasma membrane RBC (7.5µ) can pass
through less diameter blood capillaries (5m).
8. In RBC higher cell organelles like mitochondria & golgi complex is absent.
9. Due to absence of mitochondria anaerobic respiration takes place in RBC.
10. In RBC enzyme of glycolysis process are present, while enzyme of Krebs cycle are absent.
11. Antigen of blood group is present on the surface of RBC.
12. If Rh Antigen is present then it is also found on the surface of RBC.
13. Single RBC is pale yellow in colour while group of RBC appear red in colour.
14. In RBC red coloured respiratory pigment haemoglobin is present.
15. In each RBC 26.5 crores molecules of Hb are present.
16. Molecular weight of each molecule of haemoglobin – 67,200 Dalton.
17. In composition of RBC 60% H2O & 40% solid part is present. Only Hb. Constitutes 36% of total weight
of RBC and 90% on dry weight.
Haemoglobin
It is composed of two components
1. Haem - 5%
2. Globin - 95% Protein part
Haem (Iron and Porphyrin)
1. Iron present in the form of Fe+2
2. Each molecule of Hb carries 4 molecules of O2.
Globin : Each molecule of globin protein is composed of 4 polypeptide chains. Polypeptide chains are of
4 types.
1. a polypeptide chain having 141 amino acids.
2. b polypeptide chain having 146 amino acids.
3. g polypeptide chain having 146 amino acids.
4. d polypeptide chain having 146 amino acids.
On the basis of these polypeptide chains 3 type of Hb are formed in human -
* Hb A1 (Adult Hb) — 2 a + 2 b
* Hb A2 (Adult -2) — 2 a + 2 d
* Hb F (Foetal Hb) — 2 a + 2 g
(Oxygen binding capacity of foetal Hb is more than adult Hb)
Size of RBC
Human – 7.5 m
* Change in the size of RBC is called as Anisocytosis.
1. Due to Vit. B 12 deficiency RBC become larger in size called as Macrocytes. These are immature
RBC which are destroyed in spleen. In these RBCs amount of haemoglobin is normal.
2. Due to Fe deficiency RBC become smaller in size called as Microcytes. They are also destroyed
in spleen. In these RBCs amount of haemoglobin is less.
1.biconcave
2. Change in the shape of RBC is called as Poikilocytosis.
3. Uremia - RBC become irregular in shape (Burr cells).
4. Sickle cell anaemia–RBC become sickle shaped.
5. If RBC is kept in hypertonic solution it will shrink (crenation).
6. In Hypotonic solution it will brust.
Life span of RBC is 120 days
Avg. life span of RBC in all mammals 120 - 127 days
RBC count
Number of RBC in per cubic mm of blood is called RBC count.
Human (Male) 5.5 million
Human (Female) 4.5 million
Newly born baby 6.8 million
Rabbit 7 million
Frog 0.4 million
* Decrease in RBC count condition is called Anaemia.
1. Macrocytic anaemia – Due to Vit. B 12 deficiency macroytes are formed which are destroyed
in spleen.
2. Microcytic anaemia – Due to Fe deficiency microcytes are formed.
3. Normocytic anaemia – Excess blood loss
Formation of RBC
1. Process of formation of RBC is called Erythropoiesis.
2. Organs which produce RBC's called Erythropoietic organs.
3. Hormone which stimulate Erthyropoiesis is called erythropoetin synthesize by Kidney & little quantity
by liver.
4. 1st RBC produced by yolk sac.
5. During embryonic life RBC are produced by Liver, Spleen, Placenta, Thymus galnd.
6. In adult stage RBC is produced by RBM which filled in between trabeculae of spongy bones.
7. 1% RBC are destroy daily but in same number new RBC are entered in the blood.
8. Destruction of RBC occur in spleen. So spleen is called Graveyard of RBC.
9. Spleen stores excess blood corpuscles so it is called Blood Bank of body
WBC
* WBC (White Blood Corpuscles) are also called as leucocytes because they are colourless. TLC- Total
leucocyte count. Number of WBC /mm3 ® 6000 – 8000/mm3 (± 2000–3000)
Leucocytosis :- Increase in TLC. This condition occur in bacterial & viral infection.
Leucocytopenia :- Decrease in TLC. Normally TLC increases in bacterial & viral infection but in typhoid &
AIDS, TLC decreases.
Leukemia :- Abnormal increase in TLC (more than 1 Lakh) it is called as blood cancer.
* On the basis of nucleus & nature of cytoplasm, Leucocyte are of two types.
(1) Granulocytes
1. In their cytoplasm granules are present which can be stained by specific dye.
2. Nucleus is multilobed and lobes are interconnected by protoplasmic strand.
3. Due to presence of lobed nucleus they are called as polymorphonuclear WBC.
4. Produced in Bone marrow –
They are (i) Acidophils, (ii) Basophils & (iii) Neutrophils
(2) Agranulocytes
1. Cytoplasm is clear and agranular.
2. Nucleus do not divide in lobes so called as mononuclear WBC.
3. Produced in bone marrow.
They are of 2 types (i) Monocytes (ii) Lymphocytes
PLATELETS
1. Size 2 - 3 m.
2. Life span - 2 - 4/5 days.
3. Count - 1.5 - 3.5 lakh/mm3.
4. Also known as Thrombocytes
5. They are non nucleated and derived from megakaryocyte cells of bone marrow.
6. In shape platelets are disc like, oval shaped or biconvex.
7. In their cytoplasm basophilic granules are present which can be stained by methylene blue.
8. Maximum part of cytoplasm is composed of contractile protein Thrombosthenin.
9. Decrease in number of blood platelets is called Thrombocytopenia.
10. Critical count of thromocytes is 40,000/mm3. If number is less than critical count then red sopt or
rashes appears on the skin called Purpura disease
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