Biotechnology Principle And Process
👇 Download Handwritting Notes 👇
Biotechnology term given by Karl Ereky.
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and
processes useful to humans.
Types of Biotechnology :- Two types –
(1) Old/traditional :-
Old biotechnology are based on the natural capabilities of micro organisms.
e.g. formation of Citric acid, production of penicillin by Penicillium notatum, making curd, bread or wine,
which are all microbe-mediated processes, a form of biotechnology.
(2) New/modern :-
Based on Recombinant DNA technology.
e.g. Human gene producing Insulin has been transferred and expressed in bacteria like E.coli.
According to the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has given a definition of biotechnology that
encompasses both traditional view and modern molecular biotechnology. The definition given by EFB is as
follows: ‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular
analogues for products and services’.
* Paul berg (Father of genetic engineering). He transferred gene of SV-40 virus (simian virus) in to E.coli with the help of l – phage. (Nobel prize - 1980)
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer : First made recombinant DNA by linking an antibiotic resistance gene
with a native plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.
Principles of Biotechnology :-
Among many, the two core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are :
(i) Genetic Engineering/Recombinant DNA
Technology : Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic
material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the
host organism. (i.e. formation of genetically modified organism)
(ii) Bioprocess Technology : Maintenance of sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience in chemical
engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities
for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc.
The concept of genetic engineering was the outcome of two very significant discoveries made in bacterial
research. These were–
(i) presence of extrachromosomal DNA fragments called plasmids in the bacterial cell,which replicate
along with chromosomal DNA of the bacterium.
(ii) presence of enzymes restriction endonucleases which cut DNA at specific sites.
These enzymes are, therefore, called ‘molecular scissors’.
The main basis of Recombinant DNA Technology is DNA cloning :- It is making multiple identical copies of any
template DNA.
There are three basic steps of DNA clonning -
(i) identification of DNA with desirable genes;
(ii) introduction of the identified DNA into the host;
(iii) maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny
TOOLS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY :-
Genetic engineering involves cutting of desired segments of DNA and pasting of this D.N.A in a vector to
produce a recombinant DNA (rDNA). The ‘biological tools’ used in the synthesis of recombinant DNA include
enzymes, vehicle or vector DNA, desired DNA and host cells.
1. Enzymes :- A number of specific kinds of enzymes are employed in genetic engineering.
These include lysing enzymes, cleaving enzymes, synthesising enzymes and joining enzymes.
(i) Lysing enzymes - These enzymes are used for opening the cells to get DNA for genetic experiment.
l Bacterial cell : is commonly digested with the help of lysozyme.
l Plant cell : is commonly digested with the help of cellulase and pectinase.
l Fungul cell : is commonly digested with the help of chitinase.
(ii) Cleaving enzymes - These enzymes are used for DNA molecules. Cleaving enzymes are of two types;
exonucleases and endonucleases.
(a) Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.
(b) Endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within the DNA.
eg. Restriction endonucleases
Restriction Endonuclease Enzymes (Molecular scissor or molecular knife)
Restriction enzymes belong to a larger class of enzymes called endonucleases.
Restriction enzymes are used in recombinant DNA technology because they can be used in vitro to recognize
and cleave within specefic DNA sequence typically consisting of 4 to 8 nucleotides. This specific 4 to 8
nucleotide sequence is called restriction site and is usually palindromic, this means that the DNA sequence
is the same when read in a 5'-3' direction on both DNA strand
Restriction enzymes are obtained from bacteria
0 Comments